Germinal matrix hemorrhage–intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) commonly affects premature neonates. The gravity of the consequences associated with GMH-IVH makes it a major concern in their care.

Patients younger than 60 years with patent foramen ovale (PFO)-related stroke who have both an atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) and a large shunt benefit stand to benefit more from PFO closure than those ...

Before beginning the surgical dissection, the location for the shunt placement should be determined. A region with minimal episcleral vascularization with small caliber vessels should be chosen and ...