The primary purpose of the cardiac examination is to assess the structure and function of the heart as a muscular pump and to evaluate it for possible malfunctions. Because heart disease is so common ...

Always examine the patient's neck from the right side; this approach provides a more accurate determination of venous waves than from the left because it is a straight shot from the right jugular ...

Intraoperative central venous cannulation permits rapid administration of intravenous fluids and assessment of changes in intravascular volume. The right internal jugular vein has several advantages ...